2025 NECO Geography Questions & Answers (Essay & Objective)
2025 NECO Geography Questions and Answers
(Essay and Objectives)
2025 Geography Answers: Get NECO Geography Questions and answers for Essay and Objectives For Human Geography.
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2025 NECO Human and Regional Geography (Essay)
NECO 2025 Geography Essay Answers
Number 1
(1a)
Population refers to the total number of people inhabiting a specific geographic area, such as a country, region, or city, at a given time.
(1b)
(i)Size: Population size is the absolute number of individuals within a defined area. It is a fundamental demographic characteristic and influences resource availability, economic development, and social services.
(ii)Density: Population density measures the number of individuals per unit area (e.g., people per square kilometer or square mile). It indicates how crowded or dispersed a population is within a given space, impacting infrastructure, housing, and environmental pressures.
(iii)Quality: Population quality refers to the characteristics of a population that contribute to its overall well-being and productivity. This includes factors such as health, education levels, skills, and access to resources, which collectively influence a society’s development potential.
(1c)
(i)Health.
(ii)Education.
Education Workshops
(iii)Skills and Training.
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Number 2
(2a)
(i)Abuja
(ii)Jos
(iii)Lafia
(iv) Ilorin.
(2b)
(i)Economic Growth and Job Creation: Tourism generates revenue through visitor spending on accommodation, food, transportation, and activities, leading to job creation in various sectors like hospitality, transport, and retail.
(ii)Preservation of Culture and Heritage: Tourism encourages the preservation and promotion of cultural sites, traditions, and historical landmarks, as they become attractions for visitors, thereby safeguarding national heritage.
(iii)Infrastructure Development: The growth of tourism often necessitates improvements in infrastructure, such as roads, airports, and utilities, which benefit both tourists and local communities.
(iv)International Relations and Understanding: Tourism fosters cultural exchange and understanding between different nations and peoples, promoting peace and diplomacy.
(2c)
(i)Investment in Infrastructure and Attractions.
(ii)Effective Marketing and Promotion.
(iii)Community Involvement and Empowerment.
(iv)Sustainable Tourism Practices.
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Number 3
(3a)
(i)Abundant Raw Materials: Pittsburgh’s location in eastern U.S.A. provided easy access to essential raw materials like coal (from the Appalachian coalfields), iron ore (from the Great Lakes region via water transport), and limestone, which are crucial for steel production the backbone of its industrial growth.
(ii)Excellent Transportation Network: The confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers provided natural waterways for transporting raw materials and finished goods. Later, the development of canals and railways further enhanced connectivity to markets and sources of supply, facilitating industrial expansion.
(iii)Skilled Labor Force: The region attracted a large workforce, including immigrants, who provided the necessary labor for the burgeoning industries, particularly in steel manufacturing. Over time, a pool of skilled labor developed, supporting industrial specialization and efficiency.
(iv)Market Access and Demand: Proximity to major urban centers and developing markets in the eastern U.S. provided a ready demand for Pittsburgh’s industrial output, especially steel, which was vital for infrastructure development, manufacturing, and other industries.
(3b)
-Advantages-
(i)Development of Specialized Labor Pool: Concentration of industries in an area leads to the development of a skilled labor force specializing in the industry’s needs, often supported by training institutions.
(ii)Growth of Ancillary Industries and Services: Localization fosters the growth of subsidiary industries (e.g., raw material suppliers, component manufacturers) and specialized services (e.g., banking, transport, communication) that cater specifically to the localized industries, creating a supportive ecosystem.
(iii)External Economies and Shared Infrastructure: Industries can benefit from shared infrastructure (e.g., roads, power, water supply) and external economies of scale, leading to reduced costs and increased efficiency.
(iv)Facilitation of Joint Research and Innovation: Proximity can encourage collaboration, information sharing, and joint research and development efforts, leading to innovation and technological advancements within the industry.
-Disadvantages-
(i)Risk of Mass Unemployment:
If the localized industry faces a decline in demand or increased competition, it can lead to widespread unemployment in the region, as the local workforce is highly specialized.
(ii)Increased Congestion and Pollution:
Concentration of industries can lead to environmental issues like pollution and increased congestion (traffic, housing), impacting the quality of life in the area.
(iii)Higher Land and Property Costs: Localization can drive up the cost of land and property in the area, making it more expensive for new industries to establish or for existing ones to expand.
(iv)Vulnerability During Crises: Localized industries are more susceptible to disruptions during crises like wars or natural disasters, as a single event can severely impact the entire industrial base of the region.
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Number 4
(4a)
(4b)
(i) High rainfall the year round makes the vegetation to be evergreen
(ii) High temperature also contributes to the vegetative growth of plants
(iii) Abundance of sunshine and high relative humidity also contribute to.
(4c)
(i)Deforestation and Logging: Extensive logging for timber, fuelwood, and agricultural expansion leads to habitat loss, soil erosion, and reduced biodiversity, hindering forest regeneration.
(ii)Climate Change and Desertification: Changes in rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and desertification in northern regions reduce water availability and increase stress on forest ecosystems, particularly at the savanna-forest transition zone.
(iii)Bush Burning and Forest Fires: Uncontrolled bush burning, often for agricultural purposes or hunting, destroys young trees, reduces soil fertility, and prevents natural regeneration, especially in savanna and derived savanna areas.
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Number 5
(5ai)
=North West=
(i) Kano
(ii) Kaduna
(5aii)
=South East=
(i) Onitsha
(ii) Aba
(5aiii)
=South West=
(i) Lagos
(ii) Ibadan
(5aiv)
=South South=
(i) Port Harcourt
(ii) Warri
(5b)
(i) They facilitate the buying and selling of goods and services.
(ii) They provide employment opportunities for millions of Nigerians.
(iii) They generate revenue for the government through taxes and levies.
(iv) They promote industrial and manufacturing activities.
(5c)
(i) Availability of transport networks (roads, railway, airports)
(ii) Presence of natural resources and raw materials
(iii) Large population and market size
(iv) Political and administrative importance
(5d)
(i) Traffic congestion and poor road conditions
(ii) High cost of living and housing shortages
(iii) Environmental pollution (air, water, noise, and waste)
(iv) Insecurity and rise in crime rates
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Number 6
(6a)
A cottage industry is a small-scale, home-based manufacturing activity typically operated by individuals or families using local raw materials and simple tools. These industries usually require low capital, involve manual labor, and produce goods for local or limited markets.
(6bi)
(i) Traditional Cottage Industries: These are the oldest form of cottage industries that rely on indigenous skills passed down through generations. They involve the use of simple tools and local raw materials. Examples include pottery, weaving, blacksmithing, and mat-making. These industries are usually informal and aimed at serving the local community.
(ii) Modern Cottage Industries: These are more organized and sometimes semi-mechanized home-based industries. They may involve small machines and better production techniques compared to traditional ones. They often produce goods for wider markets and may receive support from government or cooperative societies. Examples include tailoring shops, local food processing, and craft making.
(6bii)
(i) They are operated on a small scale.
(ii) They are usually home-based or located in small workshops.
(iii) They make use of local raw materials.
(iv) They require little capital to start and run.
(6c)
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: Many rural areas have abundant natural resources such as agricultural products, clay, wood, and minerals, which serve as raw materials for cottage and small-scale industries.
(ii) Cheap Labor: Labor in rural areas is relatively cheap due to the high level of unemployment and low cost of living. This reduces the overall cost of production.
NECO 2025 Geography Questions
WAEC 2023 Geography Questions
1a. Mention five Factors that hinders large scale production
1b. Mention five ways to acquire large scale production
2a. Mention Five characteristics of rural settlements in tropical Africa
2b. Mention Five ways in which rural settlements depend on urban settlements
3a. Mention five advantages of Rail transportation
3b. Mention five disadvantages of Rail transportation
3c. Mention five soluton to the disadvantages of Rail transportation
4a. What is Internal Trade?
4b. List 7 problems of Internal Trade
4c. Mention six ways of improving Internal Trade
WAEC 2023 Geography Essay Answers
Answer Number 1
(1a)
(i) Shortage Of Raw Materials: Lack of sufficient raw materials available to industries hinders large scale production.
(ii) Political Instability: Frequent changes in governments and incessant civil wars in African countries discourage foreign investors.
(iii) Inadequate skilled man-power: Skilled man-power required for high industrial growth is grossly inadequate in developing countries.
(iv) Poor Management: Corruption, embezzlement and negligence of duty are very common in developed countries and these are indicators of poor management.
(v) Competition from foreign goods: Because of the high quality of foreign goods other industries usually not be patronized.
(1b)
(i) Acquisition of Skills: Skills should be acquired by people through regular training.
(ii) Good government policies: There should be good government policies to protect the industries.
(iii) Establishment of more power plants: Power plants such as thermal electricity plants should be established to boost power supply to industries.
(iv) Increase in wages/salaries of workers: There should be increase in wages/salaries of workers in industries to boost their Morales and increase productivity.
(v) Creation of Industrial Zones: These will also provide conducive environment with all the infrastructure facilities for industrialization.
Answer Number 2
2a.
Five characteristics of rural settlements in tropical Africa:
1. Agricultural economy: Rural settlements in tropical Africa are predominantly agrarian, with agriculture being the primary economic activity. People rely on subsistence farming, livestock rearing, and small-scale agricultural production for their livelihoods.
2. Traditional housing: Rural settlements often have traditional housing structures made of locally available materials such as mud, thatch, or wood. These structures are designed to suit the local climate and cultural preferences.
3. Limited infrastructure: Rural settlements in tropical Africa often lack adequate infrastructure compared to urban areas. Basic amenities like electricity, clean water supply, healthcare facilities, and transportation networks may be limited or lacking altogether.
4. Close-knit communities: Rural settlements typically have close-knit communities with strong social ties and communal values. People often live in extended family units and engage in collective activities such as farming, celebrations, and community decision-making.
5. Limited access to services: Due to their remote locations, rural settlements may have limited access to essential services such as education, healthcare, and government institutions. Access to quality education and healthcare facilities may be inadequate, resulting in challenges for rural residents.
2b.
Five ways in which rural settlements depend on urban settlements:
1. Market access: Rural settlements rely on urban settlements as market centers for selling their agricultural produce and acquiring necessary goods and services that are not available locally. Urban centers act as economic hubs where rural farmers can sell their surplus produce and purchase items they cannot produce themselves.
2. Supply of goods and services: Rural settlements depend on urban settlements for the supply of goods and services that are not available in rural areas. This includes items like machinery, fertilizers, construction materials, healthcare services, and educational resources.
3. Employment opportunities: Many rural inhabitants depend on urban settlements for employment opportunities. People may migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of better job prospects and higher wages, particularly in non-agricultural sectors such as manufacturing, construction, and services.
4. Transportation and connectivity: Rural settlements often rely on urban centers for transportation and connectivity. Urban areas typically have better road networks, public transportation systems, and access to telecommunications infrastructure. Rural residents may travel to urban areas for education, healthcare, and to connect with wider social networks.
5. Government services and administration: Rural settlements often depend on urban settlements for government services and administration. Government offices, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and other essential services are usually concentrated in urban areas. Rural residents may need to travel to urban centers to access these services or engage with government institutions.
Answer Number 3
3a)
(i) Rail transportation is the most convenient means of transportation bulky goods (raw and manufactured goods) to and from industrial areas.
(ii) It is very cheap in the transportation of people and goods from place to place.
(iii) It helps to open up new land which is potentially good for minerals and agricultural crops.
(iv) Rail Transportation provides a means of bringing bulky imported goods from the ports into the interior of the country.
(v) Create access to parts of the country which are far from navigable waterways.
(3b)
(i) Lack of spare parts, narrow gauges with single tracks.
(ii) Lack of technical know-how and poor maintenance.
(iii) Inadequate Financing or Funding.
(iv) It had very low patronage and high competition with not her forms of transport.
(3c)
(i) Spare parts should be made available always.
(ii) People should be trained on rail maintenance.
(iii) Rail Transportation should be properly funded.
(iv) Railway fare should be cheap enough to attract passenger.
Answer Number 4
(4a)
Internal Trade also know as Domestic trade is the type of trade which involves the buying and selling or exchange of goods and services within the country.
(4b)
(i) Low technology generally does not improve internal trade.
(ii) Inter communal strife or political instability do slow down internal trade.
(iii) Similarity of products for limit internal trade in Nigeria.
(iv) Smuggling of products to neighboring countries thereby, causing artificial scarcity limit internal trade.
(v) High Rate of rural-urban migrations.
(vi) High level of pests and diseases attack on crops, leading to low harvest.
(vii) Unfavorable climate which can lead to low yield and harvest.
(4c)
(i) Fosters regional Cooperation: Internal trade fosters regional cooperation.
(ii) Provision of Job Opportunity: It also provides employment to many people involved in trade.
(iii) Growth of Ancillary Services: Internal trade emails the growth of ancillary services like agro-allied industry and banking.
(iv) Provision of raw materials: Internal trade provides raw materials for industries e.g. tomato juice/paste.
(v) Source of Income: Internal trade provides income to individuals and the nation.
(vi) Diffusion of Ideas: Internal trade also promotes the diffusion of ideas when people from different regions come together.
WAEC 2023 Geography Objectives Answers
01-10: CBCDDCAAAB
11-20: DDCABADAAC
21-30: ABBCACDDDD
31-40: DABDDDADDC
41-50: DABCBDDBCC
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